A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF EVOLUTION by Gerardus D. Bouw, Ph.D. Lyell
is most firmly convinced that he has shaken the faith in the deluge far more
efficiently by never having said a word against the Bible, than if he had acted
otherwise ... Thus
wrote Charles Darwin on the twenty-second and twenty-fourth of October 1873.[1] At first reading this passage appears rather incongruous, but
actually it reflects the true nature of the resurgence of evolution in the
Nineteenth Century: but to see this, it behooves us to look back further in
history; back to the root of evolution as an idea and creed. Origins It
will come as a surprise to many to learn that evolution is not a modern idea,
spawned by the pressure of scientific evidence. Evolution’s roots go back several millennia; back to ancient
Babylon and Sumer. The
word “evolution” means “unfolding.”
When applied to the creation of the universe it tacitly supposes that
God, at best, had a more-or-less passive role in the history of the
creation. By “God” I mean, of course,
the God of the Bible. The ancients had
other gods which they held accountable for the creation. The earliest surviving extra-Biblical
account of the creation came to us from
the ancient Babylonians. The Babylonian
creation accounts are typified by that found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. From said epic we learn that the
Babylonians believed the universe to have had a chaotic beginning. Some
centuries later, under Alexander the Great, the Greeks inherited the Babylonian
culture, complete with its mythology.
In the Greek writings we find a strong reinforcement of the superstition
of evolution: that the world as we now know it was not created in its present
form and that the life it bears evolved into its present forms through tens of
millennia. To the Greeks the creator
of the universe was the god, Chaos.
The most prominent Greek advocates of evolution were Thales, Anaximenes,
Aristotle and Lucretius. Although
the Greek myths of the creation were interpolated from the Babylonian before
200 B.C., we can still find the same myth in modern “science.” Today, “scientists” no longer share quite
the same animistic theological bent as held by the ancient Greeks and so it is
that modern “science” does not claim that the god, Chaos, created the
universe. So as not to smack of the
supernatural, “science” instead drops the title “god” and writes the “god’s”
name with a lower-case letter. Hence
modern “science” claims that the cosmos came into being, by chance (or chaos)
and that it had a chaotic beginning (that is, it exploded into existence). Though other terminology may be used today,
the idea is still basically the same as that held by the ancient Greeks; the
only difference being that the modern version of cosmogony avoids using the
words “god” and “creator”. The
speculation that the universe had a chaotic origin is not the only place where
modern “science” partakes of the fables of the ancients. Circa A.D. 50 Hinduism was born with its
belief in the life cycles of reincarnation.
The Hindus extrapolated the reincarnation theme to the very universe
itself. To them the universe was
reborn only to die, only to be reborn, only to die, and so on and so on. Today we find the same whim alive and well
in modern “science” here some variations of the “Big-Bang” have the universe
exploding into existence and then collapsing back onto itself only to blaze
forth again in another “Big-Bang” only to die again only to be reborn and so on
and so on. Lest the reader think it
merely a coincidence, we submit that the original model for the “oscillating
Big-Bang” (also called the “gnaB-giB”) had a “reincarnation” life-cycle of
about 50 billion years. This “happens”
to be the same cycle time held by the Hindus.
Furthermore, at the time that the “gnaB-giB” model was proposed, the
universe was held to be about 7 billion years old -- the same age the Hindus
hold for this present reincarnation.
(Actually, the Hindus claim to know that age to the exact year.) But
the Hindu model of the universe was not the first reincarnation model. Before them a Jewish cult, called the “Cabalists”
for their reverence of a mystical book called the Cabala, had advocated that
the universe would undergo seven “reincarnation” cycles of seven thousand years
each. Each seven-thousand year cycle
would have its seventh millennium as that of the Lord’s rest. It is from the Caballists that we have
received the “Gap theory” of creation -- the belief that a pre-existent world
is referred to in Genesis 1:1 and that said world was destroyed and that the
creation account starting at Genesis 1:2 is actually a re-creation and does not
at all describe the creation Church “Fathers” Evolution,
as a faith, entered Christian thought through some of the so-called church “fathers.” One of the earliest was Origen who
maintained, in his Principia, that the Genesis account of creation was a myth
and that evolution was actually God’s method in creating the world. Similarly,
in the Fourth Century, Augustine insisted that God had, at the creation, instilled
in non-living things the power to evolve into other life forms. Hence the sea spawned fish and the earth
spawned animals, although he did not believe in evolution in the sense that one
day a lizard laid an egg and a bird hatched out. Yet Augustine did not believe that the six days of creation were
literal days. Between Origen and
Augustine the stage was set for the current, official stance of Roman
Catholicism on evolution, namely, that evolution is Biblical: at least by, the
Papal interpretation of Scripture albeit not in official doctrine. The Hibernation Years Throughout
the Middle Ages the evolutionary myth survived, primarily outside of
Europe. In Europe evolution could only
be found in the field of sociology.
Evolution would have remained there, still confined to an area which has
political rather than scientific application, were it not for the founding of
Masonry late in the Middle Ages. Originally,
Masonry started within the Roman church and was designed as a secret order with
political overtones. Masonic tradition
is steeped in mythology (for example, Masonry perpetuates the claim that Jesus
was a member of the lodge at Damascus and that there is where he learned His
miraculous skills). To such a mystical
group, evolution is a “natural” and it was adopted as a central tenet. Thus it was that evolution surreptitiously
entered the religio/political arena in late Medieval Europe. Setting the Stage for the Evolution Revolution How
did evolution, if it was primarily a socio/political speculation, enter the
presumably apolitical realm of science?
The key to the answer to that question lies in the post-Renaissance
revolutions of Europe. After
the Copernican Revolution of the seventeenth century, the authority of the
Roman Catholic Church in particular and churches in general had been severely
curtailed. This was primarily due to
the fact that these organizations had maintained the Bible to be the ultimate
authority, yet they had denied the Bible’s authority in the question of
whether the earth goes around the sun or the sun goes around the earth. The “discrediting”
of geocentricity in the Bible led directly to a weakening of the Bible as the
foundation for not only scientific, but, by implication, political and
spiritual authority as well. This was
not a process that happened overnight, however; it took some two hundred
years. Some of the phases through
which the decline of Biblical authority passed included the belief that the
moon, stars and planets and even the sun are inhabited. In fact, in the Seventeenth Century that
superstition became so strong that men actually held the “fact” that the sun
and moon were inhabited as “proof” against the Bible! The transition continued with the acceptance of the ideas of
lower and the higher Bible criticism and on to the notion that natural
revelation is to the realm of the physical what the Bible is to the
spiritual. Throughout all of these
phases the natural sciences became more and more authoritative in areas where
the Bible had previously been regarded as the final authority. Thus
it was that at the turn of the Eighteenth Century the liberals in Britain
tended towards agnosticism and atheism.
Out of their European counterparts had come several bloody revolutions
of which the French Revolution was the prime example; and the liberals in
Britain wanted to foment just such a violent revolution in Britain. By the early 1830s a group of lawyers and
professional politicians had taken control of the London Geological Society
which had been founded by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807 as an informal enclave to
discuss the politics of geology.
Although few professional geologists were in the membership, let alone
the leadership of the Society, it nevertheless became a very prestigious group,
rivaling the Royal Society. In the
fourth decade of the Nineteenth Century the leadership of the Society rested in
men like Scrope, Lyell and Erasmus Darwin, (grandfather of Charles
Darwin). Hardly one of these men was a
scientist by any stretch of the imagination, let alone a geologist; but that
did not phase either them nor the world after them. It was in Lyell that the evolutionary myth became wedded to
European science. Whigs and Torries Early
in the Nineteenth Century there were two strong political parties in Great
Britain. The one which was in power
and had been for some time was called the Torries. The other party, the Whigs, were the liberals of whom were Lyell
and Charles Babbage (the only one with any scientific credentials). The
Torries’ main claim to power was that the monarchy was the divinely appointed
form of political power on earth and heaven.
This idea was not drawn so much from the Bible as it was from “natural
revelation” and had been put forth back in 1673 by the Roman Catholic Bishop
Bossuet, tutor to the French Dauphin (prince). This idea was picked up by Robert Filmore in Britain and was
subsequently incorporated into the two-volume work on natural theology by the
Reverend William Paley. A perverted “interpretation”
of Romans 13:1 was coupled with Paley’s arguments in his Natural Theology to “establish”
the dogma termed the “Divine Right of Kings” which can be summed-up by saying
that no matter what the king did, moral or immoral, the king, being divinely
appointed, could do no wrong. It was
the liberals’ intent to replace the monarchal government with Jean Jacques
Rousseau’s “social contract” form of government. In order to institute Rousseau’s scheme, it was necessary to
convince the public and other politicians that the monarchal form of
government is “unnatural.” To
accomplish this the liberals decided that their best shot was to discredit the
Bible. Now frontal attacks on the
Bible had been attempted numerous times, most recently in France, and without
any success. Thus it was that Charles
Darwin once wrote: I have
lately read Morley’s Life of Voltaire
and he insists strongly that direct attacks on Christianity (even when written
with the wonderful force and vigor of Voltaire) produce little permanent
effect: real good seems only to follow the slow and silent side attacks.[2] (Emphasis added.) Lyell
took the lesson to heart and came up with a much subtler idea. Rather than directly attacking the Bible,
he choose to attack it indirectly by maintaining that the Noachic Flood was
merely a myth and that maintaining it as fact impeded the “progress” of
geology. In his work, Lyell skillfully
avoided all evidence for the Flood and, indeed, any form of evidence for
catastrophic events in the geological record.
Lyell maintained that “the present is the key to the past” by which he
meant that the rock strata could be accounted for by processes which are currently
happening on the surface of the earth.
This concept is called the uniformitarian
principle. What Lyell passed off
as pure science ended up being nothing but subtly disguised political
propaganda; a deliberate lie. Enter Evolution Although
the uniformitarian principle gained a degree of acceptance which even surprised
the perpetrators of the deception, just to be certain of acceptance by the
scientific community of his ruse, Lyell attempted to gain as much “respectable”
support for his Principles of Geology
as he could muster. Thus he wrote
Charles Babbage for his support while the latter was Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics. In response to Lyell, Babbage
wrote: … I think any argument from
such a reported radical as myself, would only injure the cause, and I
therefore willingly leave it in better hands.[3] In a
similar vein, George Poulett Scrope had written some time before: … by espousing you, the
conclave have decidedly and irrevocably attached themselves to the liberal
side, and sanctioned in the most direct and open manner the principle things
advocated …. At the same time I have a malicious satisfaction in seeing the
minority of bigwigs swallow the new doctrine upon compulsion rather than from
taste and shall enjoy their wry faces as they find themselves obliged to take
it like physics to avoid the peril of worse evils. I feel some satisfaction in this.[4] The
machinations of the liberal Whigs led, in part, to the shift from the monarchal
paternalism to liberalism which was embodied in the “Great Reform Bill” of 1832. Throughout, one of the figures in the
shadows was Erasmus Darwin. Erasmus
Darwin was a most devout radical, hating the true God while giving lip service
to the natural god of the Spinozan pantheists. It was because of his grandfather’s influence that
Charles Darwin learned his hatred for the God of Scripture (see the
quote at the start of this paper), as well as the myth
of evolution. The principle of
uniformitarianism, as promoted by Lyell, provided the very foundation needed to
introduce evolution into the “respectable sciences.” In the middle of the Nineteenth Century Charles Darwin
plagiarized a manuscript sent to him for review and published it as his own
under the title: The Origin of Species. Evolution had entered biology. Evolution in Politics Within
a very few years after Darwin’s book was published, Karl Marx applied the
evolutionary principle of survival of the fittest to politics. Marx particularly applied the principle to
governments and their economic systems.
With communism, man became merely another commodity to be bought and
sold. Man had become merely a cog in a
mechanistic universe where chance was the only creator and might made
right. With Marx there came to a logical
conclusion the mechanization of mankind which mechanistic view originated some
250 years earlier with Tycho Brahe’s accused murderer, Johannes
Kepler. Applied Evolution Natural
selection, accompanied by survival of the fittest, became the central concept
for evolution in the social and biological sciences. Man, the machine which had evolved as the result of a cosmic
accident, had become “aware” of the “grand design” of nature, evolution, and so
could take his evolution into his own hands. With
such reasoning the philosopher Nietsche proclaimed that man’s ultimate destiny
was to evolve into superman. About a
half a century later a young Austrian would publish a book in which he “reasoned”
more “correctly” that the ultimate destiny of man was not a “superman”, but
supermen and superwomen—a super race. That young man, named Adolph Hitler, later
obtained Papal permission to set up an evolutionary experiment designed to
usher in a thousand years of peace and a super race. The result was that some twenty million people lost their lives. Marx’s
applied evolution has led to an even greater toll of human life. Estimates of the loss of life in
establishing and maintaining communism in the world range from 400 to 600
million dead since the Bolshevik Revolution alone. But
the toll of evolution in terms of human suffering is not restricted to the
political realm. The application of
evolution in the field of biology and medicine has also led to much needless
suffering and death. One of
the evolutionists’ first “achievements” was the assignment of every organ for
which they, the evolutionists, knew not the function to the realm of the
vestigial. Vestigial organs were
speculated to be organs which had once evolved to serve a useful function; but
in time that function was no longer required as other evolutionary factors took
over but the organ remained in the human or animal body anyhow. In a creationist perspective such a concept
is unthinkable since God does not do or make anything for nothing. But to the blind chance-god of evolution
such useless accidents are the rule.
By the last quarter of the Nineteenth Century the toll of vestigial organs
in the human body numbered about two hundred. Among
the vestigial organs were the “tailbone”, tonsils, and appendix. These three were about the last for which
the use was recognized in human physiology.
Without the so-called “tailbone” to anchor certain muscles we would be
unable to sit up, and walking would be impossible. Both the tonsils and appendix turn out to be useful in fighting
infections. In fact, without either
one of them, research has shown, one is about six times more likely to
develop certain types of cancers than with them; but because of the prevalence
of the evolutionary superstition in medicine, millions of individuals had
tonsils and appendix needlessly removed because they “are just a potential
source of infection and serve no useful purpose anyhow.” The
number of deaths resulting from the superstition of evolution cannot be
accurately ascertained but it definitely runs well into the hundreds of
millions. Summary We
have only scratched the surface. In
the Copernican and Darwinian Revolutions lie hidden far more consequences than
those hinted at above. For example,
the “Green Revolution,” an attempt to alleviate hunger by hybridizing
high-yield crops has fallen flat on its evolutionary face because none of the
hybrids can survive for more than a handful of generations. And so it goes on and on. Evolution
has been shown to be an ancient myth with its roots in the priestly classes of
Babylon and Egypt. It was adopted by
the Greeks and from thence it slowly spread into Europe where it resided in the
social “sciences” and in Masonic tradition from which it sprang into the
scientific realm as the result of a deliberate deception, a political ploy
designed to change the structure and nature of the British Government in the
early 1830s. Having set a political
stage it was adopted into the sciences by mere presupposition and without any
real physical evidence. This is why
the fundamentally more sound sciences such as physics were the last to fall for
evolution. Subsequently evolution
spawned the Bolshevik Revolution and the bloody forms of communism known in the
twentieth century. In addition Hitler’s
utopian views were derived from Nietschian evolution and an amillennial interpretation
of Revelation 20:6. Lastly, it has
been shown that the application of evolution in the realm of biology and
medicine has led to countless illnesses and deaths because of the irresponsible
removal of so-called “useless vestigial organs” which turned out to be very
useful after all but whose functions evolutionary “scientists” were merely too
ignorant and ill-equipped to discover in the first place. In
short: evolution is dangerous to your health.
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